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Etymology — The origins of English words

Where do words come from? Trace the origin and history of any English word, from its Latin, Greek or Old English roots through to its modern meaning. Every etymology is sourced.

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huddle
Middle English
From Middle English, ultimately related to "hide" — the original sense was closer to crowding together in a hiding place.
hulk
Latin
From Old English hulc, referring to a clumsy or heavy ship, itself possibly borrowed from Greek by way of Latin.
flip
Origin
An alteration of the older word fillip, describing a snap of the fingers or thumb.
blah
Origin · 1910
An imitative word from the 1910s–40s, echoing the sound of meaningless chatter.
poster
Origin
From post (in the sense of a notice fixed up in public) plus the agent suffix -er, meaning 'a thing or person that posts.'
bilingual
Latin
From Latin bilinguis, from bi- ("two") + lingua ("tongue, language").
shambles
Old English
From Old English sceamol ("bench, stool"), which came to mean a butcher's bench, then a slaughterhouse, then a scene of disorder or carnage.
golly
Origin · 1700
An 18th-century softened stand-in for "God," likely shortened from an oath like "God's body."
cruising
Origin
By surface analysis, cruise + -ing.
jealous
Old French
From Old French "jalous," ultimately from Greek "zêlos" meaning zeal or fervent devotion — jealous and zealous share the same root.
shaft
Old English
From Old English sceaft, going back to a Proto-Germanic root meaning a pole or spear-shaft.
cruiser
Origin
From "cruise" plus "-er."
windscreen
Origin
From wind + screen.
windowsill
Origin
A compound of window + sill.
chemist
Medieval Latin
Borrowed from French chimiste, from Medieval Latin chimista, going back through alchimista to Arabic al-kīmiyāʔ.
windmill
Origin
A straightforward compound of wind + mill; the phrase "tilting at windmills" (fighting imaginary enemies) comes from Don Quixote, who attacked windmills believing them to be giants.
winding
Middle English
The noun is derived from Middle English winding, windinge, wyndynge (“act of exposing something to the wind, airing, ventilating; act of winnowing (?)”), from winden, wynden (“to expose (something) to the air or wind, ventilate; to cause (someone) to be out of breath; to winnow (wheat); of an animal: to catch the scent of (someone or something)”) + -ing, -inge (suffix forming gerund nouns, and the present participle forms of verbs). The adjective is derived from the verb. The English word is analysable as wind (“to blow air through (a wind instrument or horn) to make a sound; to cause (someone) to become breathless; to winnow (food grain), etc.”) + -ing (suffix forming present participial adjectives and verbs, and nouns denoting an action or the embodiment of an action).
willpower
Origin
A straightforward combination of will and power, coined to describe the strength of one's will.
schoolboy
Origin
A straightforward compound of school and boy.
willingness
Origin
From willing + the noun-forming ending -ness.
willingly
Middle English
From Middle English willyngly, built from willing + the adverb ending -ly.
schoolgirl
Origin
A compound of school and girl.
wildfire
Old English
From Old English wilde fȳr, literally "wild fire," originally also referring to a fierce ancient incendiary weapon.
wilderness
Old English
From Old English roots meaning "place of wild animals," ultimately combining "wild" with an old word for "beast."