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Etymology — The origins of English words

Where do words come from? Trace the origin and history of any English word, from its Latin, Greek or Old English roots through to its modern meaning. Every etymology is sourced.

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gunnery
Origin
From gun + the noun-forming suffix -ery.
queasy
Old Norse
Possibly from an Old Norse word for a boil or sore, later shaped by an Anglo-Norman word meaning "to make uneasy."
artillery
Old French
From Old French artillerie, related to atillier, "to equip or fit out" — originally covering any war equipment, not just big guns.
housework
Origin
From house + work.
windy
Old English
From Old English windiġ, simply wind + the adjective suffix -y.
assist
Latin
From Old French assister, from Latin assistere ("to stand by"), from ad- plus sistere ("to stand, cause to stand").
butcher
Old French
From Old French bouchier, "goat slaughterer," from bouc ("goat"), tracing back to a Germanic word for a male goat — the same root as the English word "buck."
biscuit
Latin
From Old French bescuit, meaning "twice-cooked" (from Latin bis, "twice", plus coctus, "cooked") — describing bread baked a second time to dry it out for long storage.
terrible
Latin
From Old French terrible, from Latin terribilis, "frightful," from terrere, "to frighten."
cheerful
Middle English
From Middle English chereful, built from cheer (mood) plus the suffix -ful.
favourite
Latin · 1500
From 16th-century French favorit, ultimately from Latin favor ("goodwill") — tracing back to the verb faveo, "to favour, support."
untidy
Origin
From un- + tidy.
armchair
Origin
From arm + chair.
thirsty
Old English
From Old English þurstiġ, formed from thirst plus -y.
assistant
Latin
From Middle French assistant, from "assister" ("to assist"), ultimately from Latin assistere.
hairdresser
Origin
Built from "hair," "dress" (in the sense of arranging or preparing), and the agent suffix "-er," meaning someone who dresses hair.
postman
Origin
A compound of post (mail) and man.
engineer
Old French
From Old French engigneor, "one who builds or operates war machines" — from the same root as "engine" and "ingenious".
cloakroom
Origin
A compound of cloak and room, originally meaning a room for storing coats and cloaks.
Taipei
Origin
From the Wade-Giles romanization of Mandarin 臺北 (Tái-běi), literally "Taiwan north."
snub
Middle English
From Middle English snubben, snibben (noun), either indigenous or from Old Norse snubba (“to curse, chide, snub, scold, reprove, rebuff, infringe”), from Proto-Germanic *snūbaną, *snūpaną. Related to English snip, snap, snape, sneap, to Old Norse sneypa (among more), to Proto-Germanic *snaupijaną. The original sense is visible in Nordic cognates, to an original sense of “pinching off” (→ “to repress, infringe”), really “snipping off” (Old Norse sneypa, Norwegian Nynorsk snøypa, Swedish snöpa, snoppa, snipa, snippa (“to pinch off, to squeeze off, to castrate”)), with nouns denoting “pinched end → point” (cf. Swedish snip (“snout, spout”), snibb (“lobe”)). Maybe distantly related to snoop (“be nosy”), to “pinched point” referencing snouts, i.e. the “pinched of point of the animal” (cf. Swedish snopp (“penis”)), then also maybe sniff. Compare Proto-Germanic *snabulaz; also English neb, nib (“beak, point”). Other cognate forms: Danish snubbe, snibbe, snibe, snippe, sneppe, snøbba; Swedish snebba, snåipa, snypa, snyppa.
despondent
Latin
From Latin despondere, "to give up" or "to lose heart".
sometime
Middle English
From Middle English som time, "some time".
depressed
Origin
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.