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Etymology — The origins of English words

Where do words come from? Trace the origin and history of any English word, from its Latin, Greek or Old English roots through to its modern meaning. Every etymology is sourced.

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infallible
Medieval Latin
From Medieval Latin infallibilis, from Latin in- ("not") + fallibilis ("liable to fail").
ophthalmologist
Greek
From ophthalmology plus the suffix "-ist," ultimately from Greek ophthalmos, "eye."
everyman
Origin · 1520
Possibly traced back to the medieval morality play Everyman (English translation around 1520), whose main character represents all of humanity.
gridlock
Origin
From "grid" (as in a city's street grid) plus "lock" — describing traffic locked solid across an entire grid of intersections.
dumpy
Origin
First attested in 1750; exact origin unknown. Perhaps derived from, or cognate with, dumpling, or from the noun sense of dump.
Doris
Ancient Greek
From the Ancient Greek name Doris, a sea-nymph in mythology; the slang sense for "woman" grew out of the name's long popularity in Britain.
Glastonbury
Old English
From Old English Glæstingaburg, "the fortified place of the Glæstingas people."
Narayan
Sanskrit
Borrowed from Hindi, ultimately from Sanskrit Narayana.
Bessie
Origin
From Bess + -ie.
Fairbanks
Origin
From fair + bank.
enhanced
Origin
From enhance + -ed.
individually
Origin
From individual plus -ly.
nitrous
Latin
From Middle French nitreux, tracing to Latin nitrōsus ("full of nitre").
centrifugal
New Latin
Coined in New Latin from centrum ("center") + fugere ("to flee") — literally "fleeing from the center".
serge
Latin
From Old French sarge/serge, ultimately from Latin sērica, "silken things."
incontinence
Latin
From Old French incontinence, from Latin incontinentia, from in- ("not") plus continere ("to hold together, restrain").
incorrectly
Origin
From incorrect plus the adverb-forming suffix -ly.
beauteous
Origin · 1500
Built from "beauty" plus the adjective ending "-eous," on the model of words like "bounteous." It was common in poetic English from the 16th century onward.
Skippy
Origin · 1960
Popularised by Skippy the Bush Kangaroo, a 1960s Australian TV show, which also led to "Skippy" being used informally in Britain for Australians.
sugary
Origin
Formed from sugar plus -y.
shod
Middle English
The old past-tense/participle form of "shoe," from Middle English.
Ross
Origin
* As a Scottish surname, from several places such as Roose in Cumbria or Roos in Yorkshire, both from Scottish Gaelic ros (“promontory”) or a Brythonic parallel of its source such as Welsh rhos (“moor, heath”). There were also several Norman families in Scotland who took their name from Rots in Calvados. Compare Rose, Rhodes. * As an English surname, from Wrose in Shipley, with loss of initial w. * As an English and German surname, from derivatives of the old Germanic root common in names *hrōþi (“fame”). Compare Rossell. * As a Cornish surname, from several places in Cornwall deriving from ros (“heathland”), related to the above Celtic word meaning "heath" or "promontory." See Rouse. * As a Jewish and German occupational surname for a breeder of horses, from the regional/poetic noun Ross (“horse”). Doublet of horse. * Also as a Jewish surname, Americanized from Rose.
unused
Origin
From un- (\"not\") plus used.
sentimentality
Origin
From sentimental + the noun-forming suffix -ity.