dumb

The word “dumb” means stupid or unintelligent; showing poor judgment. In plain terms, most commonly used today to mean "stupid" or "unwise"; the older meaning of "mute/unable to speak" is now considered outdated and potentially offensive when applied to people.

“Dumb” is pronounced duhm (/dʌm/ in IPA).

Here is “dumb” used in a sentence: “Forgetting my passport was a dumb mistake.”

Depending on how it is used, “dumb” can be an adjective and an adverb.

The word “dumb” dates back to around 1800 and comes from Old English. From Old English dumb, "unable to speak." The modern "stupid" sense spread widely in the 19th century, likely influenced by the similar-sounding German dumm and Dutch dom, which already meant "stupid.".

“Dumb” is a fairly common word in modern English, usually learned at around the B2 level.

“Dumb” has 4 distinct senses listed in this dictionary. The most common is: stupid or unintelligent; showing poor judgment.

They overlap heavily, both meaning a lack of intelligence or sense. 'Stupid' is the broader and slightly stronger word. 'Dumb' is more casual and often lighter, frequently used for a silly idea or mistake rather than a person — 'a dumb joke,' 'a dumb question.' In informal speech, the two are largely interchangeable.

It can be. Used of an idea or action, as in 'a dumb mistake,' it is mild and informal. Aimed directly at a person, it becomes an insult. Its older meaning, 'unable to speak,' is now considered outdated and offensive, so 'dumb' should never describe someone who cannot talk; 'non-speaking' is preferred.

'Dumb' is informal. It suits casual conversation, texting, and light complaints, such as 'that's a dumb rule,' but is out of place in formal writing, reports, or polite discussion. In those settings, neutral words like 'unwise,' 'ill-judged,' or 'mistaken' carry the same meaning without sounding blunt or rude.

For the 'unintelligent' sense, the opposites are 'smart,' 'clever,' 'intelligent,' 'bright,' and 'wise.' Which one fits depends on the target: a 'clever' idea, a 'smart' decision, or a 'wise' choice. Note that this is the opposite of the informal insult, not of the older 'unable to speak' meaning.